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Whiteleaf Cross is a cross-shaped chalk hill carving, with a triangular base, on Whiteleaf Hill in Whiteleaf near Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire. It sits above the road to the east of the hamlet, whose name is first found in the form White Cliff in the eighteenth century, referring to the white chalk cliff.〔Mawer, A. and Stenton, F.M: The Place Names of Buckinghamshire (Cambridge, 1925)〕 The cliff is probably a natural formation, older than the cross. The date and origin of the cross are unknown. It was mentioned as an antiquity by Francis Wise in 1742, but no earlier reference has been found. The cross is not mentioned in any description of the area before 1700.〔Pevsner & Williamson: The Buildings of England. Buckinghamshire (2nd edition) p.607 (under Princes Risborough)〕 The Act for enclosing the common lands in the Parish, completed on 23 September 1839, specifically required that: in order to preserve within the parish of Monks Risborough the ancient memorial or landmark there called White Cliffe Cross and the Commissioners were to allot to the Lord of the Manor the cross itself and so much of the land immediately surrounding it as shall in the judgment of the Commissioners be necessary and sufficient for rendering the same conspicuous and that it should not be planted or enclosed and should for ever thereafter remain open. The Lord of the Manor was to be responsible to renew and repair it. In the event the Commissioners allotted of land for this purpose.〔Inclosure Award (in custody of the County archivist at the Buckinhamshire County Hall, Aylesbury)〕 Various books published in and since the 18th century have speculated on the origin of the cross, but without any supporting evidence.〔Most books on Buckinghamshire contain speculation on or discussion of the history of the cross. See for instance: Francis Wise (1742) (''commemorating victory over Danes''); Cooke's Topographical Library: The British Travellers Guide (1820) p.130 (''various opinions''); J J Sheahan: History & Topography of Buckinghamshire (1862) p.184 (''memorial of the property of Christ Church, Canterbury, not a victory trophy''); P H Ditchfield: Memorials of Old Buckinghamshire (1901) p.5 (''victory over Danes''); Clement Slater: Highways & Byways in Buckinghamshire (1910) p.140 (''Civil war soldiers''); Maxwell Fraser: Companion into Buckinghamshire (1950) p.112 (''17th century or great antiquity''); Alison Utley: Buckinghamshire (1950) p.196 (''discussion''); Bruce Watkin: Shell Guide to Buckinghamshire (date?) (''probably ancient origin''); John Camp: Portrait of Buckinghamshire (1972) p.124 (''landmark or made by monks from Missenden simply for glory of God''). But see now Hey, Gill et al. in the 2007 article in Records of Buckinghamshire, vol 47 part 2, cited above.〕 Theories included a Saxon celebration of a victory over the Danes, a phallic symbol later Christianised, a direction sign for a (non-existent) medieval monastery, soldiers in the Civil War amusing themselves when they had nothing better to do, and a seventeenth-century alternative to a village cross. It was depicted in paintings by Paul Nash.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Art Collection )〕 One, from 1922, is in the collection of the British Council,〔 another, from 1931,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Object Display )〕 is in the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester.〔〔 In addition to the cross, there is a neolithic barrow on Whiteleaf Hill, which is near the top of the cross but very unlikely to have any connection with it. The cross is protected by the county as part of the 11-hectare (27 acre) Whiteleaf Hill Nature Reserve. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Whiteleaf Cross」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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